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Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbon Assessment in Soil; Implication as Source of Contaminants in Okerenkoko Community Warri South-West, Delta State, Nigeria.
(BENIN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, 2025-06-19) T. J. GERMAN; B. J. OWONARO; J. CAESER
Heavy metal and hydrocarbon proportion in Okerenkoko Community, Delta State is alarming. Five (5) soil samples were collected randomly from the community, the collected samples were investigated to determine the effects of these substances in the soil to living things at large using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and Gas Chromatography respectively. The Heavy metal concentration investigated result show a range of: Fe (386.6 - 665.6 with mean value 502.3) mg/kg, Cu (11.3 - 29.8 with mean value 21.1) mg/kg, Pb (0.388 - 0.523 with mean value 0.46) mg/kg, Cr (6.53 - 8.24 with mean value 7.23) mg/kg, Zn (37.5 - 63.3 with mean value 50.1) mg/kg, the average proportion of the heavy metals occurred in order of Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb. From the study, it showed that the concentration of most of the heavy metals in the soil falls below the level, meanwhile Zn has high concentration level when compared with the standard of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. This implies that Okerenkoko Community is still contamination free with respect some specific heavy metals and notwithstanding, caution has to be taken to prevent potential future contamination and Zn with high concentration of about 50 mg/kg should call for immediate remediation. Furthermore, the concentration of hydrocarbon (TOC and THC) ranges from: TOC (18.28 - 31.53 with mean value 24.52) %, THC (250.53 - 874.74 with mean value 566.74) g/kg, the investigation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) showed the community has an carbonate soil as the Total Organic Carbon level goes beyond 12 - 18% in concentration which is considerably high in concentration. However, under different conditions, this TOC level can be considered both beneficial and the soil in Okerenkoko Community is Highly Contaminated and this contamination is believed to be associated with petroleum spills from oil tankers, local means of production and transportation of petroleum products.
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF MARL DEPOSITS ASSOCIATED WITH EZEAKU FORMATION IN AFIKPO AREA, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
(International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 2021-06-01) OWONARO B .J; ONYEKURU S.O; SORONNADI-ONONIWU G. C
The use of marl deposit as construction materials has recently attracted some attention, to both government and its citizens. Hence the evaluation of the sedimentological and geochemical assessment of the deposit in the Afikpo area was conducted to determine its suitability as aggregate. The Marl deposit belong to the Ezeaku Formation, this was confirmed from the field observations and description which shows that they are of dark grey to black shale, sandstone, subordinate limestone and siltstone deposited by shallow marine environment. Petrographic examination of the marl reveals the presence of allochem components, micrite and sparite corresponding to grain, matrix and cement respectively. Modal composition classify the rock as Carbonate Type II which consists of considerable proportion of allochems where current action was not enough to completely winnow away the microcrystalline ooze. Major oxide geochemistry of the rock samples showed a dominance of SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 and depletion in Na2O, K2O and Fe2O3. The high SiO2 content and inverse correlation with CaO describe the rock as impure limestone making the aggregate more chemically stable than pure limestone when used as components of building materials especially in subsurface constructions where materials may be exposed to water.
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND AGGREGATE QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF MARL DEPOSIT IN AFIKPO AREA, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA.
(Journal of Applied Geographical Studies, 2021-08-24) Sunday, E.U; Owonaro B.J.; Okeke, O.C.; Amadi, C. C.; Okonkwo, S. I.; Ofoh, J. I; Iwuoha, P. O
Purpose: Marl is an impure limestone that is generally not good for cement production because of its low calcium carbonate content. Aggregates derived from marl deposit in Afikpo Area, Southeastern Nigeria, are currently being used in construction of concrete structures and highway pavements by construction companies and individuals. There is no published information on the suitability of the aggregates for such uses. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of the aggregates as components of concrete and highway pavements in terms of satisfying the non-swelling and acceptable strength characteristics / requirements. Methodology: Geotechnical tests including Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limits and plasticity index), linear shrinkage and free swell were used to evaluate the swelling characteristics; while physico- mechanical tests including specific gravity, water absorption. Aggregate Crushing Values (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) and Los Angele Abrasion Value (LAAV) were used to evaluate the strength characteristics. The field studies indicate that the marl deposit is associated with Ezeaku Formation of Lower Benue Trough. Results: Results of geotechnical tests indicate liquid limit, plasticity index, linear shrinkage and free swell values of 29.50%, 4.60%, 0.36% and 10.00%, respectively. Similarly, results of physico-mechanical tests indicate specific gravity, water absorption, ACV, AIV and LAAV values of 2.58%, 1.90%. 23.50% 29.45% and 42.70%, respectively. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Since the results satisfy the non-swelling characteristics (plasticity index < 12%, linear shrinkage < 8% and free swell < 50%) and acceptable strength characteristics (water absorption < 3%, ACV < 30%, AIV < 30% and LAAV < 45%) requirements for good concrete and highway pavement aggregates, aggregates derived from marl deposit in Afikpo Area, Southeastern Nigeria, are strongly recommended to be used as aggregates in concrete and highway pavement construction
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF MARL ASSOCIATED WITH EZEAKU FORMATION IN AFIKPO AREA, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA, IN RELATION TO AGGREGATE QUALITY ASSESSMENT
(International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 2019-05-05) ONYEKURU S.O; OWONARO B.J; OKEKE O.C
The use of marl deposit as construction material has recently attracted some attention to both government and construction companies, hence the evaluation of the geotechnical properties and aggregate quality assessment of the deposit in the Afikpo area was conducted to determine its suitability as aggregate for concrete and highway pavement. The Marl deposit belong to the Ezeaku Formation, this was confirmed from the field observations and description which shows that they are of dark grey to black shale, sandstone, subordinate limestone and siltstone deposited by shallow marine environment. Physico-mechanical properties of the rock shows that the specific gravity of the marl sample is 2.58 %, the water absorption is 1.90 %, the Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) of the marl sample is 23.50%, the Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV) is 42.70 % and Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) is 29.40 % while the Atterberg Limit Test are Liquid Limit 29.50 %, Plasticity Index 4.60% with Free Swell 10% and Linear Shrinkage 0.30 %. On these bases of low Atterberg Limit values and favourable physico-mechanical properties, the marl in Afikpo area is a good aggregate material for highway pavements and concrete
Application of 2-D and 3-D Geo-electrical Resistivity Tomography and Geotechnical Soil Evaluation for Engineering Site Investigation: A Case Study of Okerenkoko Primary School, Warri-Southwest, Delta State, Nigeria
(Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research, 2023-04-02) U. Stanley Eze; M. Edirin Okiotor; J. E. Ighodalo; B. Jennifer Owonaro; A. Saleh Saleh; A. Sikiru Jamiu
In the design of building structures, joint efforts must be decided to resolve the depth of competent layers across the intended site to safeguard the durability of civil engineering structures and to avert the disastrous consequences of structural failure and collapse. In this study, an integrated methodology that employed DC resistivity tomography involving 2-D and 3-D techniques and geotechnical-soil analysis was used to evaluate subsoil conditions for engineering site investigation at Okerenkoko primary school, in the Warri-southwest area of Delta State, to adduce the phenomena responsible for the visible cracks/structural failure observed in the buildings. The results obtained brought to light the geological structure beneath the subsurface, which consists of four geoelectric layers identified as topsoil, dry/lithified upper sandy layer, wet sand (water-saturated) and peat/clay/sandy clayey soil (highly water-saturated). The deeply-seated peat/clay materials (ρ ≤ 20 Ωm) were delineated in the study area to the depths of 17.1 m and 19.8 m from 2-D and 3-D tomography respectively. 3-D images presented as horizontal depth slices revealed the dominance of very low resistivity materials i.e. peat/clay/sandy clay within the fourth, fifth and sixth layers at depths ranging from 8.68-12.5 m, 12.5- 16.9 m and 16.9-21.9 m respectively. The dominance of mechanically unstable peat/clay/sandy clay layers beneath the subsurface, which are highly mobile in response to volumetric changes, is responsible for the noticeable cracks/failure detected on structures within the study site. These observations were validated by a geotechnical test of soil samples in the study area. Atterberg’s limits of the samples revealed plasticity indices of zero. Thus, the soil samples within the depth analyzed were representatives of sandy soil that does not possess any plasticity. The methods justifiably provided relevant information on the subsurface geology beneath the study site and should be appropriated as major tools for engineering site assessment/geotechnical projects.

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